1. What is the first law of thermodynamics also known as?
A) Law of conservation of energy
B) Law of entropy
C) Law of heat transfer
D) Law of equilibrium
2. What does the term \(\Delta U\) represent in thermodynamics?
A) Change in entropy
B) Change in internal energy
C) Change in enthalpy
D) Change in free energy
3. Which thermodynamic process involves no heat transfer?
A) Isothermal
B) Adiabatic
C) Isobaric
D) Isochoric
4. What is the SI unit of entropy?
A) J/mol
B) J/K
C) J/kg
D) J/m^3
5. What does a negative \(\Delta G\) indicate about a reaction?
A) The reaction is spontaneous
B) The reaction is non-spontaneous
C) The reaction is at equilibrium
D) The reaction is endothermic
6. Which law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a perfect crystal at absolute zero is zero?
A) First law
B) Third law
C) Second law
D) Zeroth law
7. In which process does the volume remain constant?
A) Isothermal
B) Isobaric
C) Adiabatic
D) Isochoric
8. What is the relationship between \(\Delta H\) and \(\Delta U\) for a gaseous reaction at constant volume?
A) \(\Delta H = \Delta U\)
B) \(\Delta H > \Delta U\)
C) \(\Delta H < \Delta U\)
D) \(\Delta H = \Delta U + RT\)
9. What is the standard state condition for temperature in thermodynamics?
A) 0 K
B) 298 K
C) 273 K
D) 373 K
10. Which thermodynamic function is a measure of disorder?
A) Enthalpy
B) Entropy
C) Internal energy
D) Free energy
11. Which state of matter has a definite volume but no definite shape?
A) Solid
B) Liquid
C) Gas
D) Plasma
12. What is the ideal gas law equation?
A) \(PV = nRT\)
B) \(PV = RT\)
C) \(P = nRT/V\)
D) \(V = nRT/P\)
13. What is the SI unit of pressure?
A) Joule
B) Newton
C) Kelvin
D) Pascal
14. Which gas law relates pressure and volume at constant temperature?
A) Charles’ law
B) Boyle’s law
C) Gay-Lussac’s law
D) Avogadro’s law
15. What is the value of the gas constant \(R\) in SI units?
A) 8.314 J/(mol·K)
B) 0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)
C) 1.987 cal/(mol·K)
D) 62.36 L·torr/(mol·K)
16. What is the main assumption of the kinetic theory of gases?
A) Gas molecules have significant intermolecular forces
B) Gas molecules are in constant random motion
C) Gas molecules have fixed positions
D) Gas molecules do not collide
17. Which state of matter has particles that are far apart and move freely?
A) Solid
B) Liquid
C) Plasma
D) Gas
18. What happens to the volume of a gas if its temperature increases at constant pressure?
A) Decreases
B) Increases
C) Remains constant
D) Becomes zero
19. Which gas deviates most from ideal behavior at high pressure?
A) Real gas
B) Ideal gas
C) Noble gas
D) Inert gas
20. What is the boiling point of water at standard atmospheric pressure?
A) 0°C
B) 100°C
C) 273 K
D) 373 K
21. What type of bond is formed by the transfer of electrons?
A) Ionic bond
B) Covalent bond
C) Metallic bond
D) Hydrogen bond
22. Which molecule has a linear geometry?
A) H₂O
B) CO₂
C) NH₃
D) CH₄
23. What is the hybridization of carbon in methane (CH₄)?
A) sp
B) sp³
C) sp²
D) dsp²
24. Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons?
A) Covalent bond
B) Ionic bond
C) Metallic bond
D) Van der Waals bond
25. What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral molecule?
A) 90°
B) 120°
C) 180°
D) 109.5°
26. Which type of bond is formed between water molecules?
A) Ionic bond
B) Hydrogen bond
C) Covalent bond
D) Metallic bond
27. According to VSEPR theory, what is the shape of NH₃?
A) Trigonal pyramidal
B) Tetrahedral
C) Linear
D) Trigonal planar
28. What is the bond order of O₂?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 0
29. Which molecule is polar?
A) CO₂
B) CH₄
C) CCl₄
D) NH₃
30. What is the main factor determining the strength of a covalent bond?
A) Bond length
B) Bond order
C) Electronegativity difference
D) Atomic size
31. What is the defining characteristic of living organisms?
A) Movement
B) Metabolism
C) Shape
D) Size
32. What is taxonomy?
A) The science of classification of organisms
B) The study of cell structure
C) The study of genetics
D) The study of evolution
33. Which is the basic unit of classification in taxonomy?
A) Genus
B) Species
C) Family
D) Order
34. What is a herbarium?
A) A collection of living plants
B) A collection of animal specimens
C) A collection of fossils
D) A collection of preserved plant specimens
35. Which process is unique to living organisms?
A) Respiration
B) Diffusion
C) Evaporation
D) Condensation
36. What is binomial nomenclature?
A) A system of naming organisms with two names
B) A system of classifying organisms by size
C) A system of grouping organisms by habitat
D) A system of identifying organisms by color
37. Who developed the binomial nomenclature system?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Carolus Linnaeus
C) Gregor Mendel
D) Robert Whittaker
38. Which is NOT a characteristic of living organisms?
A) Growth
B) Reproduction
C) Metabolism
D) Crystallization
39. What is a taxonomic key?
A) A tool for naming organisms
B) A tool for identifying organisms
C) A tool for classifying habitats
D) A tool for studying genetics
40. What is biodiversity?
A) The variety of life forms in an ecosystem
B) The number of species in a genus
C) The size of an ecosystem
D) The classification of plants
41. How many kingdoms are there in Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification?
A) Three
B) Five
C) Four
D) Six
42. Which kingdom includes unicellular prokaryotes?
A) Monera
B) Protista
C) Fungi
D) Plantae
43. Which organism belongs to the kingdom Fungi?
A) Amoeba
B) Yeast
C) Paramecium
D) Spirogyra
44. What is the main mode of nutrition in kingdom Fungi?
A) Autotrophic
B) Photosynthetic
C) Chemotrophic
D) Heterotrophic
45. Which kingdom includes multicellular, photosynthetic organisms?
A) Monera
B) Plantae
C) Protista
D) Fungi
46. Which scientist proposed the five-kingdom classification?
A) R.H. Whittaker
B) Carolus Linnaeus
C) Ernst Haeckel
D) Charles Darwin
47. Which kingdom includes organisms with a true nucleus?
A) Monera
B) Protista
C) Bacteria
D) Archaea
48. What is a characteristic of bacteria in kingdom Monera?
A) Eukaryotic cells
B) Multicellular structure
C) Photosynthetic nutrition
D) Prokaryotic cells
49. Which group includes cyanobacteria?
A) Protista
B) Monera
C) Fungi
D) Plantae
50. What is the cell wall composition of fungi?
A) Cellulose
B) Chitin
C) Peptidoglycan
D) Lignin
51. Which group of plants lacks vascular tissue?
A) Pteridophytes
B) Bryophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms
52. Which plant group is known as amphibians of the plant kingdom?
A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Algae
D) Gymnosperms
53. Which plant group produces naked seeds?
A) Angiosperms
B) Pteridophytes
C) Bryophytes
D) Gymnosperms
54. What is the dominant phase in the life cycle of bryophytes?
A) Sporophyte
B) Gametophyte
C) Zygote
D) Embryo
55. Which plant group includes flowering plants?
A) Angiosperms
B) Gymnosperms
C) Bryophytes
D) Pteridophytes
56. What is the main pigment responsible for photosynthesis in algae?
A) Carotene
B) Chlorophyll
C) Phycocyanin
D) Xanthophyll
57. Which plant group is characterized by the presence of xylem and phloem?
A) Bryophytes
B) Algae
C) Fungi
D) Pteridophytes
58. Which plant group includes mosses?
A) Pteridophytes
B) Bryophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms
59. What is the reproductive organ in angiosperms?
A) Flower
B) Cone
C) Sporangium
D) Gametangium
60. Which plant group shows alternation of generations?
A) Fungi
B) Bryophytes
C) Bacteria
D) Protista
61. What is the second law of thermodynamics?
A) Entropy of an isolated system increases
B) Energy cannot be created or destroyed
C) Temperature of two systems in equilibrium is equal
D) Entropy of a perfect crystal is zero
62. Which process involves constant pressure?
A) Isochoric
B) Isobaric
C) Adiabatic
D) Isothermal
63. What is the compressibility factor for an ideal gas?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 0.5
64. Which gas law relates volume and temperature at constant pressure?
A) Charles’ law
B) Boyle’s law
C) Gay-Lussac’s law
D) Avogadro’s law
65. What is the shape of a molecule with sp² hybridization?
A) Tetrahedral
B) Trigonal planar
C) Linear
D) Trigonal pyramidal
66. Which bond is formed between metals?
A) Ionic bond
B) Metallic bond
C) Covalent bond
D) Hydrogen bond
67. What is the bond angle in a water molecule?
A) 120°
B) 180°
C) 109.5°
D) 104.5°
68. What is growth in living organisms?
A) Increase in size only
B) Increase in cell number or mass
C) Decrease in cell number
D) Change in shape
69. Which kingdom includes slime molds?
A) Protista
B) Monera
C) Fungi
D) Plantae
70. Which plant group includes ferns?
A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Gymnosperms
D) Angiosperms
71. What is the standard enthalpy of formation for an element in its standard state?
A) Positive
B) Zero
C) Negative
D) Variable
72. Which gas law states that the volume of a gas is proportional to the number of moles?
A) Avogadro’s law
B) Boyle’s law
C) Charles’ law
D) Gay-Lussac’s law
73. What type of bond is present in NaCl?
A) Covalent bond
B) Ionic bond
C) Metallic bond
D) Hydrogen bond
74. Which kingdom includes organisms with cell walls made of peptidoglycan?
A) Fungi
B) Monera
C) Plantae
D) Protista
75. Which plant group has a dominant sporophyte phase?
A) Bryophytes
B) Algae
C) Fungi
D) Pteridophytes
76. What is the zeroth law of thermodynamics?
A) Energy conservation
B) Thermal equilibrium
C) Entropy increase
D) Absolute zero entropy
77. What is the molecular shape of CO₂ according to VSEPR theory?
A) Linear
B) Trigonal planar
C) Tetrahedral
D) Bent
78. What is the main source of energy for Earth’s climate system?
A) Earth’s core
B) Sun
C) Moon
D) Wind
79. Which gas law relates pressure and temperature at constant volume?
A) Boyle’s law
B) Gay-Lussac’s law
C) Charles’ law
D) Avogadro’s law
80. Which characteristic is NOT typical of living organisms?
A) Growth
B) Reproduction
C) Metabolism
D) Inertness
81. What is the hybridization of nitrogen in NH₃?
A) sp
B) sp³
C) sp²
D) dsp²
82. Which kingdom includes organisms that are mostly aquatic and photosynthetic?
A) Plantae
B) Protista
C) Monera
D) Fungi
83. What is the primary function of a botanical garden?
A) To study animal behavior
B) To conserve plant species
C) To study fossils
D) To classify bacteria
84. Which plant group includes conifers?
A) Bryophytes
B) Pteridophytes
C) Angiosperms
D) Gymnosperms
85. What is the main factor affecting the boiling point of a liquid?
A) Volume
B) Intermolecular forces
C) Mass
D) Density
86. What is the Gibbs free energy equation?
A) \(\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S\)
B) \(\Delta G = \Delta H + T\Delta S\)
C) \(\Delta G = \Delta U - T\Delta S\)
D) \(\Delta G = \Delta U + T\Delta S\)
87. Which molecule has a trigonal planar geometry?
A) NH₃
B) BF₃
C) H₂O
D) CH₄
88. Which kingdom includes organisms with cell walls made of cellulose?
A) Fungi
B) Plantae
C) Monera
D) Protista
89. What is the role of a zoological park?
A) To conserve plant species
B) To study fossils
C) To classify bacteria
D) To conserve animal species
90. Which process involves constant temperature?
A) Adiabatic
B) Isothermal
C) Isobaric
D) Isochoric
91. Which type of bond is weakest?
A) Ionic bond
B) Van der Waals bond
C) Covalent bond
D) Metallic bond
92. Which kingdom includes archaebacteria?
A) Monera
B) Protista
C) Fungi
D) Plantae
93. What is the dominant phase in the life cycle of pteridophytes?
A) Gametophyte
B) Sporophyte
C) Zygote
D) Embryo
94. What is the primary source of energy for photosynthesis?
A) Earth’s core
B) Sunlight
C) Wind
D) Water
95. What is the bond order of N₂?
A) 3
B) 2
C) 1
D) 0
96. Which gas law is used to calculate the density of a gas?
A) Boyle’s law
B) Ideal gas law
C) Charles’ law
D) Gay-Lussac’s law
97. What is a characteristic of angiosperms?
A) Naked seeds
B) Enclosed seeds
C) No vascular tissue
D) Dominant gametophyte
98. Which molecule has a bent shape?
A) CO₂
B) H₂O
C) CH₄
D) BF₃
99. What is the cell wall composition of bacteria?
A) Cellulose
B) Chitin
C) Lignin
D) Peptidoglycan
100. What is the main purpose of a museum in biological studies?
A) To grow plants
B) To preserve specimens for study
C) To classify habitats
D) To study genetics
No comments:
Post a Comment