NFAT MSc Forensic Science: Set -2 | NFAT Mock Test
1. For a reaction at 298 K, \(\Delta H = -30 \, \text{kJ/mol}\) and \(\Delta S = -100 \, \text{J/(mol·K)}\). Calculate \(\Delta G\) and determine if the reaction is spontaneous.
2. In an adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas with \(\gamma = 1.67\), the volume increases by a factor of 2. What is the ratio of final to initial pressure?
3. For an exothermic reaction with positive \(\Delta S\), what happens to spontaneity as temperature increases?
4. The standard molar entropy of a gas at 300 K is 200 J/(mol·K). If \(\Delta H_f^\circ = -50 \, \text{kJ/mol}\), what is \(\Delta G_f^\circ\) at 300 K?
5. In a Carnot cycle, the efficiency of an engine operating between 600 K and 300 K is:
6. For a reaction, \(\Delta H = 40 \, \text{kJ/mol}\) and \(\Delta S = 80 \, \text{J/(mol·K)}\). At what temperature does \(\Delta G = 0\)?
7. The work done in an isochoric process is:
8. For a reversible isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, which quantity remains constant?
9. The entropy change for the universe in a spontaneous process is:
10. For a gas undergoing adiabatic compression, if the initial temperature is 300 K and \(\gamma = 1.4\), what is the final temperature if volume is halved?
11. The standard enthalpy of formation of CO₂(g) is -393.5 kJ/mol, and for H₂O(l) is -285.8 kJ/mol. Calculate \(\Delta H\) for the combustion of CH₄(g) if \(\Delta H_f^\circ(CH_4) = -74.8 \, \text{kJ/mol}\).
12. In a bomb calorimeter, the heat of combustion is measured at:
13. For a system where \(\Delta H = \Delta U\), what must be true?
14. The entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 K is zero according to which law?
15. For an endothermic reaction, spontaneity is favored by:
16. The work done in an isothermal reversible expansion of 1 mole of an ideal gas at 300 K from 10 L to 20 L is (R = 8.314 J/(mol·K)):
17. Which process has the highest entropy change for the system?
18. The standard Gibbs free energy change for a reaction is zero. What does this indicate?
19. For an ideal gas undergoing isobaric expansion, the work done is given by:
20. The standard molar enthalpy of vaporization of a liquid is 40 kJ/mol at 373 K. What is the entropy change for vaporization?
21. For a real gas, if the compressibility factor \( Z > 1 \), what dominates at high pressure?
22. Calculate the root mean square speed of N₂ molecules at 300 K (Molar mass = 28 g/mol, \( R = 8.314 \, \text{J/(mol·K)} \)).
23. The van der Waals equation corrects the ideal gas law by accounting for:
24. A gas at 2 atm and 300 K occupies 5 L. If pressure is doubled and temperature is halved, what is the new volume?
25. At the critical temperature of a gas, what is true?
26. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to:
27. For a gas, the mean free path is inversely proportional to:
28. The critical temperature of CO₂ is 304 K. Below this temperature, CO₂ can be liquefied by:
29. The ratio of most probable speed to root mean square speed for an ideal gas is:
30. The density of a gas at 2 atm and 273 K is 1.25 g/L. What is its molar mass?
31. In the van der Waals equation, the term \( a/V^2 \) corrects for:
32. The effusion rate of an unknown gas is 0.5 times that of O₂ at the same temperature. What is the molar mass of the unknown gas?
33. Which gas deviates most from ideal behavior at low temperature and high pressure?
34. The partial pressure of O₂ in a mixture of O₂ and N₂ (molar ratio 1:2) at 3 atm total pressure is:
35. The boiling point of a liquid increases with:
36. For an ideal gas, the average translational kinetic energy per molecule at 300 K is:
37. The critical pressure of a gas is related to which van der Waals constant?
38. The viscosity of a gas increases with:
39. Dalton’s law of partial pressures applies to:
40. The liquefaction of a gas is easiest for:
41. The bond order of the peroxide ion (\( O_2^{2-} \)) in molecular orbital theory is:
42. Which molecule exhibits sp³d² hybridization?
43. According to VSEPR theory, the geometry of ClF₃ is:
44. Which molecule has a zero dipole moment?
45. The bond angle in SO₂ is closest to:
46. In molecular orbital theory, which orbital is filled first in O₂?
47. The strongest intermolecular force in NH₃ is:
48. The hybridization of the central atom in ICl₄⁻ is:
49. Which molecule is diamagnetic?
50. The bond length in a molecule is shortest when:
51. The geometry of [Ni(CN)₄]²⁻ is:
52. Which molecule has a bond angle closest to 90°?
53. The lattice energy of an ionic compound depends primarily on:
54. In CO, the bond order is:
55. The strongest bond is found in:
56. The hybridization of the central atom in XeF₂ is:
57. Which molecule has a see-saw geometry?
58. The bond in HF is best described as:
59. The molecular orbital configuration of B₂ shows:
60. The bond angle in NH₃ is less than 109.5° due to:
61. In taxonomic classification, the correct hierarchical order from highest to lowest is:
62. Which is NOT a criterion for defining a biological species?
63. The type specimen in taxonomy is used for:
64. The unique feature of living organisms at the molecular level is:
65. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name is:
66. A herbarium primarily serves to:
67. The primary purpose of a taxonomic key is:
68. Biodiversity is best defined as:
69. The scientist who developed binomial nomenclature was:
70. Which is NOT a characteristic of living organisms?
71. The smallest taxonomic unit is:
72. A zoological park primarily serves to:
73. The process exclusive to living organisms is:
74. The term ‘holotype’ refers to:
75. A museum in biological studies is used for:
76. In Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification, which kingdom includes mixotrophic organisms?
77. Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria primarily due to:
78. Which organism exhibits a saprophytic mode of nutrition?
79. The cell wall of fungi is composed of:
80. Which group in kingdom Monera can perform nitrogen fixation?
81. The kingdom that includes organisms with a true nucleus is:
82. The scientist who proposed the five-kingdom classification was:
83. Mycoplasma differs from other Monera because it lacks:
84. The primary mode of nutrition in kingdom Fungi is:
85. Slime molds belong to which kingdom?
86. Which organism is an example of a dinoflagellate?
87. The cell wall of bacteria is primarily composed of:
88. Which feature is NOT typical of kingdom Plantae?
89. The mode of nutrition in cyanobacteria is:
90. The primary role of hyphae in fungi is:
91. The prothallus in pteridophytes is:
92. Which plant group lacks true roots, stems, and leaves?
93. Double fertilization in angiosperms results in:
94. The dominant phase in gymnosperms is:
95. Which algal group is characterized by phycoerythrin?
96. The archegonium in bryophytes produces:
97. Which plant group is known as the amphibians of the plant kingdom?
98. The reproductive organ in gymnosperms is:
99. In algae, the primary pigment for photosynthesis is:
100. Which plant group shows heterospory?
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