1. What is the primary scope of a Local Area Network (LAN)?
A) Connects devices across multiple cities
B) Connects devices within a small area like an office or home
C) Covers an entire city
D) Connects personal devices within 10 meters
2. What is a thread in the context of a process?
A) A separate process with its own memory
B) The smallest unit of a process that can be scheduled for execution
C) A program stored on disk
D) A resource shared between processes
3. What do threads within the same process share?
A) Individual stacks
B) The same address space and resources
C) Separate program counters
D) Independent memory spaces
4. Which is a benefit of using threads?
A) Improved application performance due to parallel execution
B) Increased memory usage per thread
C) Slower context switching compared to processes
D) Reduced CPU utilization
5. Which threading model is managed entirely by the user application?
A) Kernel-level threads
B) User-level threads
C) Hybrid model
D) System-level threads
6. What is concurrency?
A) Multiple threads executing simultaneously on multiple processors
B) Multiple threads making progress but not necessarily at the same time
C) A single thread executing on multiple CPUs
D) Threads running without shared resources
7. In which thread state is a thread waiting for a resource or event?
A) New
B) Runnable
C) Running
D) Blocked
8. Which function is used to create a thread in Pthreads?
A) pthread_join
B) pthread_create
C) pthread_exit
D) pthread_mutex_lock
9. What is a race condition?
A) When threads compete for CPU time
B) When threads produce unpredictable results due to shared resource access
C) When a thread waits indefinitely for a resource
D) When multiple threads execute sequentially
10. Which synchronization mechanism allows only one thread to access a critical section?
A) Semaphore
B) Mutex
C) Condition variable
D) Thread pool
11. What does the critical section problem aim to ensure?
A) Multiple threads can access shared resources simultaneously
B) Only one thread can access the critical section at a time
C) Threads execute without scheduling
D) Resources are never shared
12. Which threading library is commonly used in Unix-based systems?
A) Pthreads
B) Java Threads
C) Windows Threads
D) .NET Threads
13. In the producer-consumer problem, what is used to ensure proper synchronization?
A) Semaphores or condition variables
B) Thread pools
C) Priority scheduling
D) Context switching
14. The Dining Philosophers Problem illustrates which concurrency issue?
A) Starvation
B) Deadlock
C) Race condition
D) Livelock
15. Which component does a thread NOT share with other threads of the same process?
A) Code section
B) Stack
C) Data section
D) Open files
16. What is a disadvantage of threads?
A) Better CPU utilization
B) Simplified communication
C) Reduced overhead compared to processes
D) Difficult to debug due to race conditions
17. Which method is used to lock a critical section in Pthreads?
A) pthread_create
B) pthread_mutex_lock
C) pthread_exit
D) pthread_join
18. What is parallelism?
A) Threads making progress on a single CPU
B) Multiple threads executing simultaneously on multiple processors
C) Threads sharing no resources
D) A single thread running on multiple cores
19. Which threading model combines user-level and kernel-level threading?
A) Hybrid model
B) User-level threads
C) Kernel-level threads
D) System-level threads
20. What is the purpose of a condition variable in thread synchronization?
A) To lock a critical section
B) To facilitate communication about resource state
C) To create new threads
D) To terminate threads
21. What is a process in the context of an operating system?
A) An active program in execution with associated resources
B) A static program stored on disk
C) A thread with its own memory space
D) A resource shared among threads
22. In which process state is a process waiting for an I/O operation?
A) New
B) Ready
C) Running
D) Waiting
23. What does the Process Control Block (PCB) contain?
A) Process ID, state, and memory information
B) Only the program counter
C) Only the process state
D) Only the CPU registers
24. What is the main difference between a single-threaded and a multithreaded process?
A) Single-threaded processes use more memory
B) Multithreaded processes have multiple threads of execution
C) Single-threaded processes share resources
D) Multithreaded processes are slower
25. Which scheduling type decides which processes are admitted to the system?
A) Long-term scheduling
B) Short-term scheduling
C) Medium-term scheduling
D) Real-time scheduling
26. Which scheduling criterion measures the total time from submission to completion?
A) CPU utilization
B) Turnaround time
C) Throughput
D) Response time
27. Which CPU scheduling algorithm executes processes in the order of arrival?
A) First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)
B) Shortest Job Next (SJN)
C) Priority Scheduling
D) Round Robin (RR)
28. What is a potential drawback of the Shortest Job Next (SJN) scheduling algorithm?
A) Convoy effect
B) Starvation of long processes
C) High context switching overhead
D) Unfair resource allocation
29. Which condition is NOT necessary for a deadlock to occur?
A) Mutual exclusion
B) Hold and wait
C) No preemption
D) Fair scheduling
30. What is the purpose of context switching?
A) To create new processes
B) To switch the CPU between processes
C) To terminate processes
D) To allocate memory
31. What is the primary function of an operating system?
A) To act as an interface between hardware and user applications
B) To execute application code directly
C) To manage network traffic
D) To compile programs
32. Which OS function manages the allocation of CPU and memory to processes?
A) File system management
B) Process management
C) Device management
D) Security management
33. What is the key characteristic of batch processing systems?
A) Real-time processing
B) Jobs are grouped and processed sequentially
C) Multiple users interact simultaneously
D) Time-critical task execution
34. Which type of operating system allows multiple users to share CPU time?
A) Batch operating system
B) Time-sharing operating system
C) Real-time operating system
D) Embedded operating system
35. What is the core component of an operating system responsible for system-level operations?
A) Kernel
B) Shell
C) System call
D) Scheduler
36. Which OS structure offers better performance but less modularity?
A) Layered structure
B) Monolithic structure
C) Microkernel structure
D) Modular structure
37. What is the purpose of system calls in an operating system?
A) To manage user interfaces
B) To allow programs to request services from the OS
C) To compile application code
D) To manage network protocols
38. In which mode does an operating system have full access to hardware resources?
A) Kernel mode
B) User mode
C) System mode
D) Application mode
39. Which operating system is an example of a real-time OS?
A) Windows
B) VxWorks
C) Linux
D) Android
40. What is an interrupt in the context of an operating system?
A) A process termination signal
B) A signal to the CPU to handle an event
C) A thread creation request
D) A memory allocation request
41. Which component of a thread is unique to each thread?
A) Code section
B) Program counter
C) Data section
D) Open files
42. What is the main advantage of kernel-level threads over user-level threads?
A) Faster creation
B) Better CPU utilization
C) Less kernel intervention
D) Simpler management
43. Which problem occurs when threads keep changing states but fail to make progress?
A) Deadlock
B) Livelock
C) Race condition
D) Starvation
44. Which Java feature is used for thread synchronization?
A) synchronized keyword
B) Thread class
C) Runnable interface
D) join() method
45. In the readers-writers problem, what is true about writers?
A) They can write simultaneously with readers
B) They need exclusive access to the resource
C) They share access with other writers
D) They do not require synchronization
46. What is the purpose of the wait() operation in a semaphore?
A) To decrement the semaphore value and possibly block the thread
B) To increment the semaphore value
C) To create a new semaphore
D) To terminate a semaphore
47. Which thread state indicates that a thread has completed execution?
A) New
B) Runnable
C) Running
D) Terminated
48. Which scheduling algorithm ensures fairness by assigning a fixed time slice to each process?
A) First-Come, First-Served
B) Round Robin
C) Shortest Job Next
D) Priority Scheduling
49. What is a key feature of multiprogramming?
A) Multiple programs reside in memory simultaneously
B) Jobs are processed sequentially
C) Only one program runs at a time
D) No CPU utilization improvement
50. Which deadlock handling strategy involves ensuring that circular wait cannot occur?
A) Detection
B) Prevention
C) Recovery
D) Avoidance
51. What is the role of the shell in an operating system?
A) To manage hardware resources
B) To provide an interface between the user and the kernel
C) To execute system calls
D) To manage memory allocation
52. Which type of operating system is designed for time-critical tasks?
A) Batch operating system
B) Real-time operating system
C) Time-sharing operating system
D) Distributed operating system
53. Which OS component facilitates inter-process communication?
A) Communication services
B) Memory management
C) File system management
D) Device management
54. What is a characteristic of a microkernel OS?
A) Entire OS works as a single unit
B) Small kernel with services in user space
C) High performance with low modularity
D) Layered structure with dependent services
55. What is the purpose of the scheduler in an operating system?
A) To manage file systems
B) To decide which process gets CPU time
C) To handle interrupts
D) To allocate memory
56. Which threading model is used by Solaris OS?
A) Hybrid model
B) User-level threads
C) Kernel-level threads
D) System-level threads
57. What happens in a deadlock?
A) Threads execute simultaneously
B) Processes wait indefinitely for resources held by each other
C) Threads share resources without synchronization
D) Processes terminate unexpectedly
58. Which scheduling algorithm may cause the convoy effect?
A) Round Robin
B) First-Come, First-Served
C) Shortest Job Next
D) Priority Scheduling
59. What is the main goal of process synchronization?
A) To prevent race conditions
B) To increase context switching
C) To reduce CPU utilization
D) To terminate processes
60. Which OS type is designed for specific hardware like IoT devices?
A) Batch operating system
B) Embedded operating system
C) Time-sharing operating system
D) Distributed operating system
61. What is the role of a mutex in thread synchronization?
A) To signal threads about resource availability
B) To ensure only one thread accesses a critical section
C) To create new threads
D) To terminate threads
62. Which scheduling algorithm assigns processes based on priority?
A) First-Come, First-Served
B) Priority Scheduling
C) Shortest Job Next
D) Round Robin
63. What is a benefit of threads over processes?
A) Reduced overhead due to shared memory
B) Increased memory usage
C) Slower context switching
D) Independent resource allocation
64. What is the purpose of the signal() operation in a semaphore?
A) To decrement the semaphore value
B) To increment the semaphore value and possibly unblock a thread
C) To create a new semaphore
D) To terminate a semaphore
65. Which OS function ensures authorized access to system resources?
A) Process management
B) Security and access control
C) File system management
D) Device management
66. What is the main disadvantage of a monolithic kernel?
A) High modularity
B) Less modularity
C) Slow performance
D) Limited functionality
67. Which problem is solved using the Banker’s Algorithm?
A) Race condition
B) Deadlock avoidance
C) Starvation
D) Livelock
68. Which type of operating system manages networked computers?
A) Distributed operating system
B) Real-time operating system
C) Batch operating system
D) Embedded operating system
69. What is the purpose of medium-term scheduling?
A) To admit new processes
B) To suspend or resume processes
C) To select CPU-bound processes
D) To terminate processes
70. Which component of a process stores the next instruction to execute?
A) Process ID
B) Program counter
C) Memory management information
D) I/O status
71. What is a livelock?
A) Threads waiting indefinitely for resources
B) Threads changing states without making progress
C) Threads accessing shared resources simultaneously
D) Threads terminating unexpectedly
72. Which threading library is used in Windows systems?
A) Windows Threads
B) Pthreads
C) Java Threads
D) POSIX Threads
73. What is the purpose of thread termination?
A) To create new threads
B) To end a thread’s execution
C) To synchronize threads
D) To allocate resources
74. Which scheduling algorithm uses a fixed time quantum?
A) First-Come, First-Served
B) Round Robin
C) Shortest Job Next
D) Priority Scheduling
75. What is the main advantage of time-sharing systems?
A) Multiple users can interact simultaneously
B) Jobs are processed sequentially
C) No user interaction is allowed
D) Limited CPU utilization
76. Which condition ensures that only one thread enters the critical section?
A) Progress
B) Mutual exclusion
C) Bounded waiting
D) Resource sharing
77. What is the purpose of the join() method in Java threads?
A) To create a new thread
B) To wait for a thread to complete
C) To lock a critical section
D) To signal a thread
78. Which OS type is used in mobile devices like smartphones?
A) Real-time operating system
B) Mobile operating system
C) Batch operating system
D) Distributed operating system
79. What is the main purpose of short-term scheduling?
A) To select which process executes on the CPU
B) To admit new processes
C) To suspend processes
D) To terminate processes
80. What is a thread pool?
A) A collection of processes
B) A group of reusable threads
C) A synchronization mechanism
D) A memory management technique
81. Which algorithm is used for deadlock avoidance?
A) First-Come, First-Served
B) Banker’s Algorithm
C) Round Robin
D) Priority Scheduling
82. What is a benefit of a microkernel structure?
A) High modularity
B) High performance
C) Large kernel size
D) Complex implementation
83. What is the main purpose of file system management in an OS?
A) To manage CPU scheduling
B) To manage files and directories
C) To handle interrupts
D) To allocate memory
84. Which condition ensures threads do not wait indefinitely in the critical section problem?
A) Mutual exclusion
B) Bounded waiting
C) Progress
D) Resource sharing
85. Which OS function manages input/output devices?
A) Process management
B) Device management
C) Memory management
D) Security management
86. What is the main disadvantage of user-level threads?
A) Fast creation
B) Lack of direct kernel support
C) High CPU utilization
D) Simple management
87. Which problem involves multiple readers accessing a resource simultaneously?
A) Producer-Consumer problem
B) Readers-Writers problem
C) Dining Philosophers problem
D) Critical Section problem
88. What is the purpose of logging and accounting in an OS?
A) To track system usage and user activities
B) To manage CPU scheduling
C) To allocate memory
D) To handle interrupts
89. Which scheduling algorithm divides processes into multiple queues based on priority?
A) First-Come, First-Served
B) Multilevel Queue Scheduling
C) Shortest Job Next
D) Round Robin
90. What is the purpose of the Runnable state in a thread’s lifecycle?
A) Thread is executing instructions
B) Thread is ready to run but waiting for CPU
C) Thread is waiting for a resource
D) Thread has completed execution
91. Which OS type focuses on multitasking and virtual memory?
A) Batch operating system
B) Modern operating system
C) Real-time operating system
D) Embedded operating system
92. What is the main purpose of memory management in an OS?
A) To manage CPU scheduling
B) To allocate and deallocate memory to processes
C) To handle interrupts
D) To manage file systems
93. Which condition ensures that threads outside the critical section do not block others?
A) Mutual exclusion
B) Progress
C) Bounded waiting
D) Resource sharing
94. What is the purpose of error detection and handling in an OS?
A) To manage CPU scheduling
B) To detect and recover from system errors
C) To allocate memory
D) To manage file systems
95. Which Java class is used to create threads?
A) Runnable
B) Thread
C) Monitor
D) Semaphore
96. Which OS function provides a CLI or GUI for user interaction?
A) Process management
B) User interface
C) Memory management
D) Device management
97. What is a characteristic of real-time systems?
A) Sequential job processing
B) Predictable response times
C) No user interaction
D) High context switching
98. Which problem occurs when a thread is perpetually denied resources?
A) Deadlock
B) Starvation
C) Livelock
D) Race condition
99. Which scheduling criterion measures the number of processes completed per unit time?
A) CPU utilization
B) Throughput
C) Turnaround time
D) Response time
100. What is the main purpose of the New state in a process lifecycle?
A) Process is executing instructions
B) Process is being created
C) Process is waiting for CPU
D) Process has completed execution
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